Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Tennyson as a Victorian Essay Example For Students
Tennyson as a Victorian Essay The Victorian age was an age where numerous progressions occurredsocially, financially, and mechanically. Individuals started to exploreinto territories, for example, the earth, the human body, and how to benefitthe every day lives of people. English writing was alsosomething that was starting to be created. Verifiably, it started when Queen Victoria was blessed to thethrown in 1837 and carried another success to England. She heldthe seat for a long time which is the longest ruler to hold thethrown ever in English history. To numerous individuals, she was a symbolof steadiness and flourishing as prove by the accompanying feelingfrom her kin. The Victorian age has been supposed to be a verydiverse time. Student of history T.B. Macaulay in 1838 said that theEnglish had become the best and most exceptionally acculturated peoplethat ever the world saw. However, another man by the name of BenjaminDisraeli, who was an essayist and a lawmaker, couldn't help contradicting thisstatement and called attention to that the presence of an England of twonations who are as oblivious of every others propensities, considerations, andfeelings, as though they were of various planets; who areformed by an alternate reproducing, are taken care of by an alternate food, areordered by various habits, and are not represented by the samelaws. He further says that these two countries were the richestand most unfortunate. It was the point at which the rich were rich, and the poorpeople were poor. Poor people or lower class of individuals went hungryand half stripped all through the majority of their lives. Life and passing wenthand close by; riches and destitution stood one next to the other; repletion andstarvation laid them down together. We will compose a custom article on Tennyson as a Victorian explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Such fast change in industry devastated employments as it providednew ones. The populace moved and left thousands housed inurban ghettos with terrible water, no sanitation, and little food. Thedepression left entire production lines jobless, and without any methods ofproducing merchandise. However, a few people accepted that the main way tocontrol populace development was through starvation or poise. Men, ladies, and kids acclimated with the network life of ruraltowns and ranches to the shifted and free work propensities for thefarm, and the little shop, ended up laboring up to sixteenhours every day, six days per week, in industrial facilities with no governmentsafety guidelines, and with low compensation. Individuals were not knownas people just as hands with no influence over their lives,hired, and terminated at the impulse of the proprietor or the vacillation of themarket. There was no real way to improve a life for oneself becauseyou were naturally introduced to a specific socie tal position, or you carried on with an actual existence ofpoverty for an incredible remainder or you were one of the privilegedclasses and were ensured the status of the sovereignty. The Victorian years likewise carried with them the increasingefforts to accomplish political, social, and financial changes thatwould change the structure of the nation to meet the changescreated by industry. The Reform Bill was passed in 1832 whichincreased the electorate by 50%. The bill made itimpossible for laborers and ladies to cast a ballot, thusly, only one infive Englishmen could cast a ballot. These men were for the most part from theupper class and they controlled everything. To numerous individuals, thiswas a light of expectation that England would improve, however during the1840s England saw the most noticeably awful long stretches of the century for unemployment,hunger, and illness. It brought radical common laborers agitationfor the Peoples Chapter, which requested widespread male suffra geand a Parliament where any man could serve. The impacts ofthese issues provoked a progression of bills to be passed. Parliamentrepealed a portion of the more uncalled for laws, and started to legislateshorter working hours, mechanical wellbeing, and urban sanitaryreform. Because of the financial thriving, it diminished radicalagitation and in 1867 a subsequent Reform Bill, which implied that mostworking men were permitted to cast a ballot. It brought an increasingly liberal viewof what was required in life.Peoples considerations and thoughts likewise changed with the developmentof the nation. The people groups thoughts turned out to be all the more free and theyaccepted change all the more effectively, yet not every person needed to concede tochange. Individuals started to pose more inquiries about existence, whichprompted the advancement of science and numerous individuals started toquestion the holy book. Lyells Principles of Geology and ChambersVestiges of creation drew out the view publically that the earthwas more established than the good book said it to be. People groups convictions weresuddenly being broken and the mission for answers was out of luck. The change caused a lot of disarray and caution, whichprompted English authors to acknowledge duty and compose aboutnew musings, convictions, and sentiments. Alfred Tennyson, who is a well known writer, is regularly regardedas the central delegate of the Victorian age in verse. Tennyson was a man who had seen agony and distress in his life. Afterthe passing of his closest companion, Arthur Hallam, Tennyson discovered relieffrom his agony recorded as a hard copy. A large number of his compositions were surely abouthis dead companion. For instance in The Passing of Arthur, the herohas a similar name as Tennysons companion and furthermore numerous expressive poems,that later were to become In Memorian A.H.H. These composing werefull of feelings, torment, dread, mindful, and the craving to rememberhis compa nion. Nearly all through all of Tennysons work there werepain, trouble, dread, love, and concealed messages to be found, and hewas sentimental. He freed himself up to the world in a veryprivate way, and furthermore to serious analysis by numerous individuals. In TheLady of Shalott,there is agony, disappointment, and that of life as ajourney that prompts passing. The sonnet is a method of indicating howpeople are bound to specific destinies throughout everyday life and that they cannotescape their destiny. Tennyson made people groups emotions genuine and morevocal. His compositions, later in his life, were openly appreciated andsought out. In 1842 he distributed another of his works called Poemswhich had two volumes, one containing a modified determination from thevolumes of 1830 and 1832, the other, new sonnets. The new poemsincluded Morte d Arthur, and The Two Voices of Sin and otherpoems that uncovered a weird innocent quality, for example, The MayQueen, Lady Clara Vere de Vere, a nd The Lord of Burleigh. Thenew volume was not gotten well publically. Be that as it may, the award to himat this time, by the executive, Sir Robert Peel, helped stophis stresses in budgetary issues. In 1847 he distributed his firstlong sonnet, The Princess, a sonnet about enemy of women's activist capriccio. .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 , .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 .postImageUrl , .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 , .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029:hover , .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029:visited , .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029:active { border:0!important; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029:active , .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u40cd99f03 1f51d44d008bb9be3eba029 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u40cd99f031f51d44d008bb9be3eba029:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Teen Suicide EssayA man by the name of Edward Moxon offered to distribute theelegies on Hallam that Tennyson had been forming throughout the years. To Tennyson this was a fantasy that he thought could never work out. From the outset they showed up secretly, which assisted with the successwith the two analysts and the open perusers won him the friendshipof Queen Victoria, and realized, around the same time, hisappointment as writer laureate. Tennysons power among Victorian artists started to bequestioned in any event, during his lifetime. Numerous authors became jealousand adversaries of Tennyson. Furthermore, twentieth cent ury analysis, affected bythe ascent of another verse headed by T.S. Eliot has proposed somedrastic new ideas of his work. A lot of Tennyson that appealedto his perusers has stopped to bid numerous perusers today. He can bepompous, presumptuous, offering minimal more than shallow or confusedthoughts brought about by a great deal of agony. An increasingly adjusted gauge ofTennyson has started to win, be that as it may, with the acknowledgment of theenduring significance of Ulysses, some of Tennysons best verses andabove all the height of In Memoriam as the extraordinary representativepoem of the Victorian Age. It is
Saturday, August 22, 2020
52 Essays (908 words) - Branches Of Biology, Biology, Life Sciences
52 Essays (908 words) - Branches Of Biology, Biology, Life Sciences Cloning Cloning Cloning opens numerous entryways of chances in the horticultural part of the United States of America. It has just been a main consideration in sparing the lives of numerous people. I feel the general public all in all can not and ought not debase this scientifical finding. I feel that human cloning ought not be finished also, that this subject brings up an excessive number of moral issues. I might want to center on a rural angle in the event that I may. Individuals caused a commotion when creature parts were put into people to spare lives and today it is an acknowledged piece of restorative science. I feel that cloning in a rural and restorative angle will become equivalent to transplanted creature parts. It will experience a lot of discussion, be that as it may, a long time from now it will be acknowledged logically, socially, and ethically. In an article in Newsweek called A Cloned Chop, Anyone? They take a to some degree impartial, yet additionally to some degree negative perspective of cloning in a horticultural and therapeutic sense. They concede some great parts of this hereditary designing, however they despite everything appear to be negative of things to come of cloning in creatures barring people. The primary thing the article states is the Wall Street open doors for the biotech field. Rather than calls from anxious financial specialists just calls from columnists were coming in getting some information about this market. I feel that currently would be an extraordinary time to put resources into biotechnical organizations represent considerable authority in agrarian furthermore, therapeutic cloning. This article says nothing regarding the extraordinary possibilities of long haul speculation. Long haul venture particularly in the restorative field is unfathomably productive. Similarly as in other disputable contributing open doors I feel that financial specialists will discover they could have raked in boatloads of cash on the off chance that they put resources into this zone. Ten to a long time from now this farming cloning will be a generally standard thing and value wars will start for the items delivered by them which implies numerous extraordinary speculation openings will be accessible. In any case, one must recollect that Wall Street is very present moment contributing so this is a decent clarification for very few financial specialists being intrigued in this since it is as yet numerous prior years substantial and gainful items are produced using cloning. The article proceeds to state the Scottish researchers have a great deal of good thoughts, yet they appear to be just a science fiction experience. By and by I oppose this idea. Scottish researchers are attempting to support humankind, not be worthwhile frantic researchers searching for another approach to control mankind. The accompanying are a few things that have just been finished with hereditary building and they are useful to us, mankind. They plan on hereditarily designing bovines that produce modified milk recipes for untimely babies. This is incredible I do not know how anybody can conflict with this in such a case that their newborn child's life were on the line they would do everything possible to spare their youngster's life. Additionally they are hereditarily building creature organs to be increasingly like those of people. So simply like we have been attempting to do we can take organs from creatures and effectively transplant them into people. Again this will spare numerous lives of individuals with fatal sicknesses that can be spared by organ transplant. Cloning is alluded in the hereditary qualities region as transgenics. A few organizations have been adjusting qualities of creatures with qualities of people to deliver proteins expected to battle malignant growth and different ailments. Cloning may additionally upgrade this system witch will help impetus this treatment effectively past the human testing stage into relieving these repulsive ailments. One organization has just reared cows that may deliver milk containing a protein basic for newborn children who can not nurture. Again I see no drawback to this item and cloning will help speed this exploration along so we can spare lives. The article next discussions about certain positives. It tells how sheep with proteins essential for sparing human lives can be breed all the more proficiently with cloning. At the present time just a couple out of each ten sheep produce the proteins required. Anyway with cloning these great sheep can be cloned. At that point they breed with different clones to make an entire age of sheep with the ideal protein. One organization in the biotech field PPL is planning to hereditarily build creatures that will deliver a tissue stick for use in medical procedure and a medication for cystic fibrosis. At long last the article states toward the end that does anybody need to eat a cloned cleave. Well the significant eatery networks didn't appear to be intrigued. Be that as it may first
Friday, August 14, 2020
Three Guys, Six Degrees
Three Guys, Six Degrees QUOTE: âI think MIT is the closest thing to Hogwarts on this planetyouâre taking all of these kids from around the country and the worldtheyâre all a little bit off-the-charts in one way or another. And youâre bringing them all together and theyâre having this tremendous shared experience. Itâs a magical shared experience.â Sal Khan, founder of Khan Academy, 2012 commencement speaker (in one week!) Some of you might wonder what Im still doing here. Its true, what am I doing here?. I cant believe its been one year already. In this intervening year, I evolved into a multiple choice test-taking machine, and already forgot what a pset looks like (dont panic take it from a reliable source that there is a life without psets :P). I also interviewed ten prospective MIT 16s, and drafted ten passionate interview reports. Its fun, and keeps me connected to that crazy Institvte up north. (I still remember writing this blog! time really flies im still getting over the fact that im already at the other end of that blog) I wanted to write this entry last year when I graduated, but somehow never found the time to do so. Now, on the eve of the 12s graduating and after having one year to condense my thoughts, I hope to publish it (of course, with the blessing of the powers-that-be on MIT blogs). This is a simple story of three guys, how they met, and the brief time they shared together. I first met Steve at FLP (Freshman Leadership Program) during Pre-Orientation. FLP was a great experience you get stranded on this island in Massachusetts Bay, have these counselors that play pranks on games with you, and generally spend a laughter-filled week before Orientation actually starts. Steve struck me as a quiet guy but I tried to connect with him a bit since I already knew that I was going to be living in the same dorm as him. I lived in a triple during my freshman year (officially the largest room in New House, although my mom still balked at the size and the fact that I had to share the space with two other guys. i didnt mind quite as much). I had officially secured the single bed by the window by putting my sleeping bag on it prior to even leaving for FLP (haha) but not actually staying there until right up to school started. I left Zach and Steve to fight over the bunk bed. I met Zach in the room he initially got the upper bunk, but moved down to the bottom after realizing that Steve and I dont usually sleep till 3 or 4 AM (and he goes to bed at 10). He proceeded to put sheets around the lower bunk, creating a tent-like coccon which he retreated into every night. That was the year of the triple, the year when we figured out how to navigate the Institute, the year when we teamed up to make this i3 (kind of like a dorm intro video) promoting iHouse. This was like wayyy back during Orientation, with Anna 11 we joked that we should take another picture at the end but we didnt get the time to do so right before graduation and tell Anna about it. I just saw Anna two months ago when she visited NYC! We had weekly brunches in our dorm, and for the freshman boys brunch, I contributed this excellent promotional photoshoot while they supplied the breakfast :P At the end of the first year, we all moved into singles, but we never left the same dorm. Over the next three years, I got to know Zach as a passionate violinist who combined his love of music with his (equal) love of physics. He would always invite me to his endless string of concerts and recitals, of which I have attended probably only two or three, sadly. The man in action, teaching the freshmen (we were sophomores) the finer points of 8.01. Steve morphed into a math genius, taking economics and math classes alongside each other. He has a talent for solving problems, and I cant remember a time when he ever complained to me about a question being too hard (although there was plenty of it going in the other direction, lol) I had lots of American food (courtesy of them, since Steve doesnt eat anything thats not American and Zach has a marginally broader palate), which stretched my gastronomic preference quite a bit, haha. And so the years rolled on, and we found our own niches at MIT. One night sometime during our sophomore year, we were sitting around and talking about double degreeing at MIT, which would be a fun thing to do together before graduation. (So at MIT, if you entered before 2007, you had the option of taking 270 units on top of your General Institute Requirements AND fulfulling the requirements of two majors to get a double degree, rather than a simple double major. This means you get two diplomas at graduation. Probably to decrease stress and unnecessary competition (or simply stupid people like ourselves, I guess), MIT removed the option beginning from the class entering 2008, effectively making our class the last class with this option possible replacing it with a double major, where you get one diploma with two majors printed on it, but only with an extra 180 units) Perhaps spurred on by this stupid idea of graduating each with two diplomas, we went on our own ways and really amped up the pace during our last four semesters, trying to fulfill this goal. Of course, it was fun when we were doing it and I got the crazy opportunity to write a history thesis (and thereby get my name into the MIT Library system, hehe), but I probably wouldnt have been so motivated if it wasnt for the prospect of us doing it all together. I took four history classes one semester (which meant well over 2000 pages of reading over the semester), which made me feel like this sometimes (x 2000): As 2011 inched closer, we reminded each other to get in our petition forms, and it was exciting because it totally was coming true! Finally, June 3, 2011 rolled around, and we took this picture after walking down the aisle: Steve: Course 14 (Economics) and 18 (Mathematics), Zach: Course 8 (Physics) and 21M (Music), Me: Course 7 (Biology) and 21H (History). Between the three of us, we span almost 1/4 of the majors at MIT! :) They say that there are some pictures where youll always remember how you felt and what the day like when that photo was being taken, and this was truly one of those moments. It was a moment of relief, a moment of celebration, and a moment of reminisce for all those nights when we: + Mario Karted + played AOM together in Zachs room after working + drove in a Zipcar to this random place out in the burbs of Boston just for some burgers + sat in the common room and watched the Dark Knight for like the fifth time in one year + were happy to have someone to talk to after a long day at school or a long bout with a particularly stubborn pset + made those spontaneous runs to MacGregor convenience for extra large bags of Ruffles Sour Cream (and only Ruffles Sour Cream) + (when I) asked Zach how to solve a 8.02 problem and Steve how to solve my math questions (which I still do with Biostats, like my email yesterday -____-) + (when I) complained incessantly to Steve while stressed out about my med school applications, and Steve running a regression on admitted stats to tell me that I shouldnt hope for the HMS (he was right) Since then, Steve has just completed his first year at Harvard Economics, and Zach is entering UPenn to study physics this fall after taking a gap year. First year of med school is great and all, but theres something magical about the many people you encounter on the way at MIT, just like Khan said. It is my firm (and often vocal) opinion that you dont have to be particularly smart or even cool to become a doctor, but everyone at MIT is genuinely special. This is the reason why I enjoyed interviewing prospective students so much this year, because it gave me a chance of looking for that spark of energy driven by passion that Ive come to see in so many of my peers during my MIT years. Even one year out, Im only starting to see this even clearer than I did when I was a student. Congratulations to the class of 2012, and best wishes for your Commencement coming up next Friday. It is truly a feat to have completed your MIT education, and although you maybe cant wait till your life after MIT, Id recommend taking this upcoming week nice and slow and savoring all there is to those numbered buildings and dank Athena clusters. Trust me, you will miss being there soon enough :)
Sunday, May 24, 2020
Relationship Between Grace And Crystal - 1541 Words
She was a young girl with dark red lipstick, light wavy hair. She loved to hang out with her best friend who was Crystal. Crystal was a nice young skinny girl who was really good in her studies. Grace was 14 and Crystal was 13 a year younger than Grace. Grace and Crystal both go to Hunt Middle School, and they love it there. Crystal gets straight Aââ¬â¢s in her classes. Grace usually gets Bââ¬â¢s and Cââ¬â¢s overall. Crystal is only friends with Grace, well they know each other since childhood because of Crystalââ¬â¢s mom and Graceââ¬â¢s mom. Grace lives with her mom and her 5 year old brother. She gets so frustrated by her brother because heââ¬â¢s so talented and perfect. Her brotherââ¬â¢s name is James and he keeps on telling Grace and her mom Stacy about hisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They cleaned up the house and it was looking neat and clean. ââ¬Å"Hey that is not fair mom Grace can call her friends and I canââ¬â¢t.â⬠James angrily said. ââ¬Å" James you are too young you are only 5 you have to be at least 10 years old for me to allow you to call your friends and Iââ¬â¢m sure that their parents wonââ¬â¢t allow too.â⬠Stacy explained softly. ââ¬Å" No fair, but you have to let me have some snacks.â⬠ââ¬Å" Fine now go into your room take some snacks but not a lot, Crystal is almost going to be here.â⬠ââ¬Å" Yay snacks my favourite.â⬠James goes to his room and silently eats his snacks. ââ¬Å" Mom Crystal is here Iââ¬â¢ll go and get the door.â⬠Grace merrily said to her mom. ââ¬Å" Yeah I will go into my room to sleep so if you guys feel like eating the snacks you can take them from the kitchen and have fun.â⬠ââ¬Å" Thanks mom I will.â⬠Crystal comes into the house and they go up to GraceÃ
⺠room to talk softly. ââ¬Å" So I have something to tell you real urgent.â⬠Crystal hesitantly said. ââ¬Å" WhatÃ
⺠so urgent?â⬠Grace asked her. ââ¬Å" Well I got suspended from school.â⬠ââ¬Å"WHAT no way how did that happen?â⬠ââ¬Å" I was taking the science test and I didn t have an eraser so I asked the kid next to me for one and the teacher thought I was cheating.â⬠ââ¬Å"Crystal if youÃ
â¢e suspended Iá ¸ ¿ suspended too, I canââ¬â¢t go to school without you.â⬠ââ¬Å" Grace wait wait wait, you canââ¬â¢t suspend yourself for me.â⬠ââ¬Å" Of course I can, you are my best friend I can do the sameShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Grace And Crystal1566 Words à |à 7 Pagesfriend who was Crystal. Crystal was a nice young skinny girl who was really good in her studies. Grace was 14 and Crystal was 13 a year younger than Grace. Grace and Crystal both go to Hunt Middle School, and they love it there. Crystal used to get straight Aââ¬â¢s in her classes. Grace she gets Cââ¬â¢s but only in daily grades she gets Bââ¬â¢s. Right you might guess that then why would Crystal be friends with Grace well they know each other since childhood because of Crystalââ¬â¢s mom and Graceââ¬â¢s mom. Grace lives withRead MoreRelationship Between God And Adam993 Words à |à 4 PagesThe bible remains a mystery to many people in society today. 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Wednesday, May 13, 2020
What Is the Government Doing Essay - 1117 Words
The American dream, has being for years, the reason why people decide to migrate to the United States. The American dream is the idea of finding well-paid job opportunities that would supply for example to buy a beautiful house and own a nice car. Therefore, the key of the American dream is jobs, which now in days are vague within the country. United States has fallen in a deep recession that has raised unemployment rates to the sky. Now, is ironically to continue calling U.S to be the American dream. There are so few job openings, which are not even enough to restore the countryââ¬â¢s economy. Government should focus on creating jobs to help citizens that are struggling by lowering taxes instead of being waiting for unemployment rates toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Government is who can create jobs, and who has the power to lower taxes. However, it would not be fair to only see how people without jobs are affected. Truth is that even who today has a job can be struggling. The fact that U.S is in an economic recession can lead to the closure of industries. Taxes are too high that people is now going after cheaper products to make their salaries last. companies whose prices are somehow higher might be losing clients and the most drastic result would lead to the end of the industry but also the end of many peopleââ¬â¢s jobs. Now, it is well to say that nobody is for sure, safe from the ideal of unemployment. After all, like if all these chaos was not enough Obama comes out with new plans supposedly to help the U.S citizens but instead of helping, these programs such as ââ¬Å"Obamacare, the Dodd-Frank financial reform act, and other looming regulations and taxes are a significant factor in deterring hiringâ⬠(Higgs n.p) All these regulations made from government seem to want to persuade people and make them believe in government when actually it seems like government does not really care for the people and they just want to keep on taking money away from citizens by coming out with nonsense taxation. On the outstanding work ââ¬Å"unemployment and job creation programs: is there a skills gap?â⬠by Belinda Shipps and Robert L. Howard four types of unemployment are identified: Frictional, seasonal, structural, and cyclical. FrictionalShow MoreRelatedV For Vendetta Persuasive Essay1283 Words à |à 6 PagesRegardless of what we are doing at any given point of the day, we are constantly being watched. Whether we drive to our local market, in our own house, or sitting at a traffic light, surveillance technology sees our every move and what is even more terrifying is the idea that the government has access to it all. In the fictional book, V for Vendetta, written by Alan Moore and David Lloyd, government surveillance is a large portion of what the story is written on. In this book, their government is run byRead MoreTotalitarian Governments in 1984 by George Orwell1578 Words à |à 7 PagesForty Years from Now Picture a world where a small group of people knows exactly what people are doing and when they are doing it, and if one makes one wrong move they are erased off of the face of the planet. This is what it is like to live in George Orwellââ¬â¢s 1984. Orwell tells a story about what he thought the world would be like in forty years. He predicted the world to be a world of totalitarian rule in which there are only three super countries. One of those countries was called Oceania, whereRead MoreThe Genocide Still Going on in Darfur, Sudan Essay examples1048 Words à |à 5 Pagesin what they are doing and they think there is no harm done because itââ¬â¢s not affecting them. To be taken away from your family, to go live somewhere else or to be killed can have a huge impact on your life. Genocides play a huge role in the world; it has and will affect many people. In Darfur there is a genocide going on, it has been going on for a few decades now. Genocide is the mass killing of a race . The people of Darfur and the Government of Sudan didnââ¬â¢t really get along. The Government wantedRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience1123 Words à |à 5 PagesThroughout history and in todayââ¬â¢s society, people have always done what they felt to be right. 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He went to a island where he could do whatever he wanted without any form government to stop him. As soon as one would have to avoid a law making body to perform their experiment, one would assume that what they are doing must not be right. What are we responsible for as citizens in a free society vs. the government having to take over? Without any government to stop him, Moreau kidnapped Prendick and kept him in a room, huntedRead MoreCanadian Government : The Canadian Economy1195 Words à |à 5 PagesOver the years the Canadian government continuously tries to create multiple ways to help progress the economy. Currently the government is doing a poor job improving the economy, however, it has potential to positively develop in the future. The Canadian government is negatively influencing the economy due to the decrease in value of the Canadian dollar, lack of regulation on policies, and the current position of the business cycle in Canada. However, the Canadian government demonstrates potential improvements
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Travelling Abroad Is a Waste of Money Free Essays
TRAVELLING ABROAD IS A WASTE OF MONEY I strongly disagree that travelling abroad is a waste of money because we can learn history of civilizations, we can learn cultures of different peoples and we can witness the greatness of Allah. Firstly, in Surah Al- Ankabut: 20, Allah says : ââ¬Å" Travel the earth then see how He makes the first creation, then Allah creates the latter creationsâ⬠¦ â⬠What this verse indicates is the disappearance of one nation to give place to another. For instance, the nation of the Pharaohs has been replaced by modern Egypt. We will write a custom essay sample on Travelling Abroad Is a Waste of Money or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other nations which have disappeared include the people of Ad and Thamud in the Middle-East. Through travelling we can learn the history and witness the remains of these civilizations. Secondly, we can learn the cultures of different peoples around the world. In Surah Ruum: 22, Allah says : ââ¬Å" And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your tongues and colours.. â⬠. Hence, if we travel from China across to Europe, we will see peoples of different looks, colours, sizes, cultures, languages, and ways of living. They include Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Persians, Arabs, and Europeans. All look different from one another, speak different languages, and practise different cultures. Finally, in Surah Ibrahim : 32, Allah says : ââ¬Å" Allahâ⬠¦ made ships subservient to you to run their course in the sea by His command ,and He has made the rivers subservient to you. â⬠This verse tells us that Allah provides the facilities for mankind to travel( by sea or river ). In so doing one can appreciate the creations and greatness of Allah. For instance, sailing in the seas will give us the opportunity to see sharks, beautiful islands, and the huge waves. Sailing in the rivers will give us the opportunity to see the numerous floras and faunas, rapids, and waterfalls. Although travelling abroad does cost a lot of money, inconvenience and sometimes have to face some difficulty, in my opinion, travelling abroad is not a waste of money because of the benefits we can get from it. [336 words] How to cite Travelling Abroad Is a Waste of Money, Essay examples
Sunday, May 3, 2020
Health Promotion in New Zealand
Question: Discuss about theHealth Promotion in New Zealand. Answer: Introduction The assignment is a discussion on health promotion programme in New Zealand. It will evaluate the health issue that the programme is covering and describe risk factors for the disease or health condition. It will focus on the health inequality related to the disease in New Zealand and highlight the determinant of inequality. It will give a brief idea on the fundamental principles of Treaty of Waitangi. The report will also describe how the health promotion programme can reduce inequality and how it will benefit the community. Campaign Programme and Health Issue Addressed by it The campaign selected for this report is SunSmart for skin cancer prevention. It will address the issue of high rate of melanoma cancer in New Zealand. It is the most common cancer diagnosed in New Zealand with about 67,000 cases reported every year. The purpose of the campaign is to reduce the incidence and impact of skin cancer in New Zealand. The Health Promotion Agency in New Zealand have taken the initiative to prevent skin cancer and promotion of sun safety under the SunSmart campaign ("Skin cancer prevention | HPA - Health promotion agency", 2016). People with family history of skin cancer, history of tanning, light skins color, sensitive skin, etc. are at more risk of skin cancers. Change in diet can benefit the individual who is at more risk of skin cancer. A vegetarian diet with fruits, fresh herbs, olive oil, and fish minimizes the risk of melanoma. The antioxidants in diet protect against cellular damage by exposure to sun's UV rays. Several medical and surgical treatments like excision biopsy, mohs surgery, lymph node surgery, skin grafting and reconstructive surgery, curettage and electrodessication, etc are beneficial for patients, but they also have risk involved in it. Adverse complications of skin surgery include excessive bleeding, blood clotting abnormalities, bacterial wound infection, surgical injury to nerves and salivary glands, etc. Some medications like Vismodegib, sonidegib, etc have a risk of birth defect in pregnant women, and certain therapies may lead to redness, pain, and swelling (Song et al., 2013). Type of Health Inequality in New Zealand and Reason for it In New Zealand, health inequalities exist among socioeconomic groups, ethnic groups living in different geographic areas, males, and females. Indigenous people living in New Zealand are victims of health inequalities because of low socio-economic position. They are more exposed to risk factors and have a lack of access to proper health services. Poverty is the primary cause of ill-health among them. The health status of Maoris has deteriorated a lot because of this. Pacific people have poorer health than Pakeha. Gender and geographical inequalities also exist in New Zealand. The difference in the health status of the indigenous group has occurred because of inequality in income, employment, and housing. Significant impact on health status and mortality occurs because of differential access to health care services and the manner in which care is delivered to these groups (Devaux, 2015). This state has been maintained or created due to institutional racism among the Maoris and because of the effect of colonization and land confiscations. They have been forced to live their permanent dwellings and move to new area. This had eroded their economic stability and reduced their influence in the new settlement. Therefore, racism is the reason for less favorable access to health care, social and economic condition. It has also lead to psychosocial stress (Harris et al., 2012). Advantaged Group The most advantaged group in New Zealand according to health inequality are the indigenous groups like Maoris and the Pacific people. The health outcome for Maori and Pacific people is worse than non-indigenous groups of New Zealand even after controlling deprivation. Their life expectancy at birth is also lesser than non-indigenous population. Evidence have also shown that these people live in socially disadvantaged areas which make them unhealthy. Geographical differences in health occur because district with lower income group showed a higher rate of premature mortality and hospitalizations (Bcares et al., 2013). Determinants of Health Inequality Determinants of health inequalities include gender and culture of particular geographical locations, living and working conditions, socioeconomic and environmental conditions, social and community influences, individual lifestyle factors, age, sex and hereditary factors. People have no control over age, sex and hereditary factors, but other factors are under their control. Lifestyle factors like level of exercise, diet, smoking habits have impact on health. Social and community influence is also a major factor for health inequality which is evident from the poor political influence of Maoris. Indigenous groups had a low standard of living due to poverty which also leads to inequality of health. Ethnicity and gender are also a determinant as women, Maoris and Pacific people are not equal salary. Socioeconomic factors also have impact on access to proper health services (Prg et al., 2014). Treaty of Waitangi The primary purpose of New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 is to provide public funding for public health, personal health, and disability support services and establish new public health organisation to promote better health for New Zealanders. It has implemented the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 which seeks to improve the health outcome of Maoris. It is an agreement which guaranteed the protection of Maori interest, and it was signed by British Crown and Maori chief. It deals with the methods that will ensure that the Maoris also contribute to decision making, and they also take part in the delivery of health services (Johnston, 2013). The principles of the Treaty of Waitangi looked after the cultural aspects norms and values of surrounding women health among an ethnic group of New Zealand. It promoted inclusion and participation in society and giving the best support to needy persons. Its objective was to reduce health disparities associated with health outcome of Maoris. Women's health is not given priority in ethnic groups. The treaty objective was to remove these norms by proper dissemination of information to deliver timely health services for the protection of disadvantaged groups. The principle of equality addressed the issue (Mokuau Mataira, 2016). Effect of Intervention of Health Inequality The intervention will reduce inequality and create better health opportunities for New Zealanders. Successfully meeting the objectives of the Treaty of Waitangi will lead to a fairer society where everyone will have a sense of belonging and everyones need would be addressed. It will not just improve the health status of indigenous population but will promote the well-being of the whole population of New Zealand. It will also lead to a stronger economy as better health contributes to richer social and economic life (Drummond et al., 2015). The methods to reduce inequalities include: Setting framework and principles at national, geographic and local levels by service providers, policy makers, and community groups. Addressing social, economic, cultural and historical barriers in society. Planning intervention at the structural level to tackle the cause of health inequality. Undertaking specific action for implementing health services in socially disadvantaged areas. Targeting psychosocial and behavioral factors of individual to change social norms in society. Minimising impact of disability among ethnic groups of New Zealand like Maoris and the Pacific people (O'Mara-Eves et al., 2013). To know whether inequalities has been reduced or not, The Ministry of Health can conduct a regular census of population to get information about health outcomes (such as morbidity, mortality), risk factors in health and level of service utilization such as prevention, treatment and rehabilitation methods. A periodical collection of these data will help in estimating whether inequalities have been reduced or not. Group Who will Benefit the most The indigenous population of New Zealand like Maoris, the Pacific, Pakeha and the Asian people will benefit the most from campaigns trying to reduce health inequality. This is because they suffer from maximum health inequality due to lack of access to health service and poor economic conditions. The SunSmart Campaign for skin cancer prevention will help in reducing impact of skin cancer by primary intervention, early detection and diagnosis, rehabilitative support and care, increasing research evaluation and surveillance. Their focus is on reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation which is the major risk factor for skin cancer. They wanted to change individual behavior so that people are protected from excessive UV exposure and stays in effective sun safe setting. This program will help such population by bringing health service closer to their home. Through various programs, it will also educate the people about the importance of good health and remove social taboos existing in an ethnic population (Jones et al., 2014). Unintended Consequence The unintended consequences might be that it will change the pattern and approach of seeking health care services. Better health service will mean better prosperity and better economic status of the community. The knowledge and attitude of people towards illness will change. It might also be possible that despite several programs, health disparities may increase further because people might still not gain access to health care service. There might also be additional cost involved in implementing guideline rather than what was expected in the beginning. Performance and health improvement measurement might be difficult. Conclusion From the whole report, we get information about the role of health promotional campaign in addressing health issues in New Zealand. It highlighted the health inequality in the region and the population mostly affected by it. Through the Treaty of Waitangi, it explained what could be done to reduce health inequality and how the society will benefit from it. Reference Bcares, L., Cormack, D., Harris, R. (2013). Ethnic density and area deprivation: Neighbourhood effects on MÃâà ori health and racial discrimination in Aotearoa/New Zealand.Social Science Medicine,88, 76-82. Devaux, M. (2015). Income-related inequalities and inequities in health care services utilisation in 18 selected OECD countries.The European Journal of Health Economics,16(1), 21-33. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015).Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Harris, R., Cormack, D., Tobias, M., Yeh, L. C., Talamaivao, N., Minster, J., Timutimu, R. (2012). The pervasive effects of racism: experiences of racial discrimination in New Zealand over time and associations with multiple health domains.Social science medicine,74(3), 408-415. Johnston, K. (2013). Treaty of Waitangi.NZ Law Review,2013, 159-689. Jones, R., Bennett, H., Keating, G., Blaiklock, A. (2014). Climate change and the right to health for MÃâà ori in Aotearoa/New Zealand.Health and Human Rights Journal,16, 54-68. Mokuau, N., Mataira, P. J. (2016). From Trauma to Triumph: Perspectives for Native Hawaiian and MÃâà ori Peoples.Decolonizing Social Work, 145. O'Mara-Eves, A., Brunton, G., McDaid, G., Oliver, S., Kavanagh, J., Jamal, F., ... Thomas, J. (2013). Community engagement to reduce inequalities in health: a systematic review, meta-analysis and economic analysis.Public Health Research,1(4). Prg, P., Mills, M., Wittek, R. (2014). Income and income inequality as social determinants of health: do social comparisons play a role?.European sociological review,30(2), 218-229. Skin cancer prevention | HPA - Health promotion agency. (2016).Hpa.org.nz. Retrieved 22 July 2016, from https://www.hpa.org.nz/what-we-do/skin-cancer-prevention Song, F., Qureshi, A. A., Giovannucci, E. L., Fuchs, C. S., Chen, W. Y., Stampfer, M. J., Han, J. (2013). Risk of a second primary cancer after non-melanoma skin cancer in white men and women: a prospective cohort study.PLoS Med,10(4), e1001433.
Friday, March 27, 2020
Lickity Inc. Company analysis
Background Lickity Inc. is one of the foods producing companies in Malaysia dealing with supply of variety cakes. The company was founded in the year 1990 and operated a number of franchised stores within Kuala Lumpur. The stores were strategically located near major tourist shopping market segments in Kuala Lumpur. Lickity attracted a number of investors in the 1990s who desired to acquire franchise store with the company since the brand dominated food market (Wood et al 26).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Lickity Inc. Company analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Description of the Company The companyââ¬â¢s supply chain management ensured incorporation of limited product line for the purposes of reducing unnecessary wastes during manufacturing and marketing processes. Their product cakes were recognized for high quality ingredients sold at affordable proportions depending on consumer need. The cake s were full of cream and served all social classes and considered fit for all occasions including birthday parties. Lickityââ¬â¢s product portfolio comprised of twenty variety cakes including portable three-slice-cake served and eaten instantly since the pack contained required cutlery. Traditional moon cake was prepared specially for patrons who preferred enjoying in store eating within various shopping centres. The company experienced financial problems owing to increased rates in operational activities. Such expenses included rent payments across all stores as well as increase in cost of raw materials and other resources required due to high level of taxes (Wood et al 26). Lickity did not apply modernized system within their international market communication mix. They relied on traditional means of using retailers as the only means through which they reach customers. They heavily depended on distributions through franchised stores to generate revenue. Another problem was on t he composition of labour force where even students were considered for employment. Such strategy was used for the purposes of reducing cost of production. The company did not invest much in training and development of its staff and therefore experienced poor management strategies within the food and beverage market. Due to lowered costs of production and quality products, their brand was well positioned in the market attracting multitude of customers. However, the profit levels decreased since the year 2000, this was due to stagnation experienced within various segments of the supply chain (Wood et al 26).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their products were based on unique qualities such as distinctive taste and shape of which sufficiently attracted customers. However, the stated objectives and mission statement are capable of driving any company when applied and implem ented appropriately. This should have enabled Lickity revive companyââ¬â¢s marketing strategies based on global brand management within the segments it had experienced worst performances (Wood et al 26). Review of main ingredients should have been done on a monthly basis, the same to use of modern equipment and application of computerized technology in monitoring of supply chain. This should have been preceded by careful evaluation on market size, consumer behaviour towards food products within the different international market segments (Wood et al 26). Problem Lickityââ¬â¢s popularity before financial woos of 2000 was based on excellent services and prime quality products. The company benefited from market monopoly where its dominance was felt in most market segments (Wood et al). There were no competent competitors from the initial stages of operation hence Lickity enjoyed supplying customers with products at will. There was lack of properly organized sales and marketing te am with profound strategies capable of capturing significant customer base within Malaysian market. Global market had adopted the use of internet in dispatching products, most consumers found it easier to place orders via companyââ¬â¢s websites. However, Lickity still relied on their manual system of delivery which experienced drastic fall on customers (Wood et al 26). Lickity was associated with poor management style especially on resources within supply chain stores. The results could be noticed on the drastic drop on sales over the last ten years since the year 2000. Effects of economic downturn further added to the companyââ¬â¢s financial woo. Marketing team did not recognize the importance of companyââ¬â¢s brand name within the market. Customers usually purchase products based on brand position within the market, brands within the food industry associated with healthy products appear more attractive to consumers since health is a priority. Lack of thorough inspection b y the management on franchises is also considered as great contributor towards Lickityââ¬â¢s financial problems (Wood et al 26).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Lickity Inc. Company analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time adjustments on consumer tastes was not easy owing to different consumer preferences towards their health. This calls for the need for robust management team capable of making profitable adjustments within the core strategies. Inexperienced labour force is at times the mother of adversity within such companies (Pride et al). Competition was stiff within the food and beverage industry with such aggressive moves and strategies applied by competitors such as Maxims and queens. This was attributable to the nature of healthy products they offer consumers compared to Lickity. Consumers became health conscious hence preferred light low-fatty cakes as well as fruit cakes. This led to mass exodus of customers from in-store purchase of cakes. The operations from franchise stores recorded low sales leading to hefty overheads which contributed towards the companyââ¬â¢s instability. Most consumers preferred making their purchases on-line hence worked with sophisticated companies. Reduction in the purchase of birthday party cakes was attributed to the fact that most customers organized such events in fast food restaurants. The competitors operated on strategic marketing where they target working class within the upper-market since most of them were usually loyal to the brand. Growth of other coffee-houses alongside baked products such as Starbucks uses branded products creating easy recognition and at the same time reward loyal customers (Starbucks Corporation 1). Level of hygiene matters since consumersââ¬â¢ value quality despite the kind of pricing mechanism used (Johlke and Dale 265-277). Problem Analysis Majority of the problems discussed could be at tributed to poor management principles and use of unqualified workforce. There was great competition from within food industry and international market. There was possibility of lack of workable strategies owing to lack of serious management team (Johlke and Dale 265-277). Lickity experienced its first financial drawback in the year 2000 leading to reduction of stock price to below $10 per share. The other problem was based on consumer health concerns; the products had high carbohydrate content considered harmful to health hence making consumers avoid Lickity cakes. Such incidences of closure affected the companyââ¬â¢s profitability negatively (Johlke and Dale 265-277). Financial support can be obtained through varied activities including from financial institutions. There is opportunity for the company to generate more through on-premise sales. Lickity can also utilize fees and royalties from the Franchises, arguably organization of the supply chain determines to a greater exten t level of success attained by business companies (Johlke and Dale 265-277).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alternative Solutions One of the possible solutions to Lickity is to consider forming partnership with other modernized companyââ¬â¢s for the purposes of technology improvement. This should be accompanied by incorporating ways on product modification for the purposes of satisfying current consumer needs and tastes. At the same time Lickity requires recruitment of professionals with the ability of predicting and analysing market trends (Johlke and Dale 265). Use of internet in advertising should be considered by the company since majority of the clients use internet and social sites for communication based on purchases and deliveries (Johlke and Dale 265-277). There is profound need to work out on the companyââ¬â¢s business models with change of strategy on working within recommended market segments which would enable positive experiences despite expected market uncertainties. Extensive training of marketing professionals is required especially within the international market. Diversification of product portfolio should be considered since consumers prefer to purchase from one-stop shop. Pricing techniques used by the company requires change since they deal with both domestic and international clients, such pricing as geographical pricing techniques should be used in this case. Nature of productââ¬â¢s quality, pricing and marketing strategies should vary depending on the demands of the market supplied with the products. Service marketing plays a vital role in making or breaking an organisation (Johlke and Dale 265-277). Excellent services tend to be remembered for all the good reasons which leave customers with a sense of delight, hence they remain loyal. On the other hand, a poor experience always leaves a bitter feeling which deters customers. Therefore satisfaction, value and quality are essential for a successful marketing service venture (Services Marketing). Works Cited Johlke, Mark Dale, Duhan. ââ¬Å"Testing Competing Models of Sales Force Com munication.â⬠Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, 21 (2000): 265-277. Pride, Rundle-Thiele, Waller, Elliot Palandino, Ferrell. Marketing. Milton:John Wiley, 2007 Starbucks Corporation 2009, Company Profile: Reproduced in Business Sourceà Premier EBSCOhost. 18 Nov 2012. https://www.starbucks.com/ Services Marketing. 2010. Web. Wood et al. Management Problem Solving Frameworks- Tools Techniques. Sydney, McGraw-Hill, 2009. p 26. This assessment on Lickity Inc. Company analysis was written and submitted by user BenGr1mm to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
Friday, March 6, 2020
The Detrimental Character Iago in essays
The Detrimental Character Iago in essays In the drama Othello, there is no character in all of Shakespeare's plays so full of deceitful power and poison as Iago. He is envious of Michael Cassio and suspects that Othello has wronged his honor; but his malignancy is all out of proportion even to his alleged motives, through which he shows his ambivalence of nature. Allowing this green-eyed monster, envy, and jealousy, to get the best of him, will ultimately lead to his downfall. During most of the Play, the audience finds itself constantly trying to find a motive for Iagos actions but finds none that can justify him deceiving Othello. Despite Iagos recognizing that, indeed, the Moor is of a free and open nature (1.3.381), he still does despise him. Iago has to be examined closer to discover his motives: of course, he is jealous of Cassios appointment as Othellos lieutenant, and this jealousy is an ultimate irony in itself as he later mocks Othello for his own jealousy, having given in to the green-eyed monster. There are a lso Iagos blatant racial slurs and his obvious hatred towards Othello, as well as his paranoia regarding the supposed infidelity of his wife, And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets hes [Othellos] done my office (1.3.369). However, the latter excuse may seem less reasonable, considering that Iago also utters later that he believes that Cassio has also slept with his wife. "O, Beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster (3.3.195-96)..."If a monster with green eyes were coming at an individual, what would one do? The answer of course, depends on the circumstances of that particular person. Would one permit the green-eyed monster to conquer his or her own mind, and control his or her every move? In this case the green-eyed monster would indeed be jealousy. Iago, for example, was prejudice towards the African American, Ot...
Wednesday, February 19, 2020
Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Vietnam War - Essay Example Instead, the Americans entered the war in Vietnam to counter the growing clout of a communist group known as the Viet Cong. Although the Americans had superior firepower, the Vietnamese, with their knowledge of the terrain and their guerilla tactics, finally forced America to withdraw after two decades of a long drawn and costly war. The cost to America in terms of economic and political losses, as well as loss of lives and humiliation at the hands of an enemy that seemed small and insignificant, was immense. Today, after over three decades, there is still no consensus among scholars and historians about whether America should have ever entered the war. Vietnam War The war in Vietnam was a long drawn out and costly conflict between South Vietnam, which was backed by America, and the communist regime of North Vietnam. The war began in 1954 with the rise of the communist party of Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam and escalated into a war of ideologies against the backdrop of the cold war be tween the Soviet Union and America. It is estimated that more than three million people died in this war, of which a great majority were innocent civilians. The war that America invested in so heavily has been a cause of dissent and divisions among Americans, and by the time president Richard Nixon ordered withdrawal of troops in 1973, America had sacrificed thousands of her young men to this war. Finally, in 1975, Saigon fell to the communist forces and ended the war that had stretched over two decades. Dr. John Guilmartin, in his book America in Vietnam, remarks ââ¬Å"The United States of America became deeply involved in Vietnam and that involvement had serious consequencesâ⬠(Guilmartin,1991). The origins of the Vietnam War can be traced to the end of the Second World War. Before the war, Indochina or French Indochina, as it was then known, was a French colony consisting of todayââ¬â¢s Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. In 1940, the Japanese invaded and occupied the northern part of Indochina and a little later the rest of it. In 1941, Ho Chi Minh, a communist leader, formed a nationalist movement called the Viet Minh to repulse the Japanese invasion. Soon after, the French began to encourage nationalism in Vietnam and gave them nominal independence. However, at the end of the war, when the Japanese surrendered, the French renewed their claim on Indochina. Ho Chi Minh assumed power in the north and proclaimed himself the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In his address in Hanoi, he proclaimed, "All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this means all the peoples on the earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free. Those are undeniable truths" (Ho Chi Minh, 1945). In the months after the end of the Second World War, Chinese soldiers began the looting of Vietnamese villages as they came down to North Vietnam from China. In the South, the French soldiers, released from Japanese camps, went on a rampage, killing and looting both innocent civilians and Viet Minh soldiers. In 1946, Chiang Kai Shek of China agreed to withdraw his troops from North Vietnam in exchange for French
Tuesday, February 4, 2020
Reproductive Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Reproductive Rights - Essay Example II. Identification and Evaluation of Ethical Principles of Reproductive Rights Reproductive rights are controversial for several reasons. According to Bellieni and Buonocore (2006), some ethical principles which can be evaluated include: the potential abuse of womensââ¬â¢ bodies in a male-dominated medical profession; the debate over the validity of the embryo being seen as a ââ¬Ëperson,ââ¬â¢ with regard to state and federal law; and the fact that studies have shown that in vitro fertilization has shown higher risks of birth defects such as cerebral palsy in children formed as a result of the procedure (pp. 93). Abortion is legal in the U.S., according to federal law. III. The Application of Principles to Ethical Issues with Various Implications One of the main arguments that naysayers usually make with regard to embryonic procedures is that embryos are actually people, and that scientists are ââ¬Ëplaying Godââ¬â¢ by creating children in a scientific fashionââ¬âsom etimes discarding embryos that are damaged, which to some people is unethical because a personââ¬â¢s life is being discontinued.
Monday, January 27, 2020
Urban Walkability and Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Urban Walkability and Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Introduction The transit oriented development approach is being adopted by many cities around the world, particularly those contested with transforming their car dependent neighbourhoods into more habitable and sustainable developments. The simplest way to describe the principles of TOD according to Calthorpe (1993) is ââ¬Å"moderate and high density housing, along with complementary public uses, jobs, retail and services, concentrated in mixed ââ¬â used development at strategic points along the regional transit systemâ⬠. Yet, much as connectivity to regional significance through transit is important, it is the communitiesââ¬â¢ close interaction, supported by a walkable environment that Calthorpe claims is the ââ¬Å"key aspectâ⬠of any flourishing TOD. Over the years, pedestrian friendly design thus generated considerable interests and a significant amount of literature and influential policy on urban walkability in TODââ¬â¢s were developed in the Western worldââ¬â¢s temperate urban zones. Presently, however, many of the worldââ¬â¢s fastest developing urban areas are found in subtropical latitudes (Oââ¬â¢Hare,2006). Western Australia, and particularly Perth, the urban centre of the region is one such case and serves as the focus of this research. The paper explores the key aspects and physical qualities of built environment related to urban walkability with an intent to encourage further discussion and studies on how subtropical TODââ¬â¢s can be designed to enhance pedestrian movement as well as question whether the orthodoxy of existing urban design principles require some alterations to better adapt to subtropical regions. The paper establishes the accepted arguments and urban design principles essential to urban walkability and develops from a review of urban design sustainability, a framework that would encourage pedestriansââ¬â¢ movement and transport waiting in a subtropical TOD. A literature review is produced to confirm the growing importance of walkability and ultimately the paper explores, through field observations, how the established urban walkability principles apply in the subtropical regions. It concludes by giving some recommendations that could be applied to Claremont town Centre for an improved pedestrian friendly TOD. Accepted arguments for urban walkability + Literature review Recognised as the oldest form of urban transport, walking is a way of encountering and engaging with the local surroundings and wider society in a manner not quite possible when adopting other means of transport, especially motor transport. Gehl Gemzoe (2003), strongly highlight walking as a solution to bettering the public ground as part of the enhancement of the local neighbourhood and urban rejuvenation. With emerging concerns that car dependent cities will not be sustainable in the future, due to energy costs, fuel availability, congestion, pollution and other environmental impacts, much awareness is being raised about the importance of walking. According to US researches, studies show that there is a 30% more likelihood that compact-mixed use development residents would walk (to a restaurant/park) than those inhabiting vast motor-oriented environments (Cervero Radisch,1996). Hodgson, Page, Tight (2004) also conclude from their research that that TODââ¬â¢s with appropriate design lead to more pedestrian and transit trips resulting in a decline in non-motorised transportation modes to reduce pollution emissions In conjunction to sustainability issues, the intra-generational equity theory and policy also acknowledge that a major part of the population constitutes of people who are extremely young, old, unhealthy, disabled or needy to have access or control over a private car (Oââ¬â¢Hare,2006). Recently, considerable interest in improved walking environments has been generated as a result of the desire to encourage nonmotorized transportation modes to reduce pollution emissions and to improve public health by increased levels of walking (Evans-Cowley, 2006). A large body of research has confirmed that a favorable walking environment is a necessary condition for promoting walking and neighborhood interaction (Clifton, Smith, Rodriguez, 2007). Public health The World Health Organisation (WHO) Charter on Transport, Environment and Health as well as the WHO Healthy Cities Program have recognised the prominence of urban walkability long before the urban design and planning fields. The public health sector recognises that ââ¬Ëactive transportââ¬â¢ (such as walking, including walking to the bus or train) involves incidental physical activity. This incidental physical activity is an important component of active living (Oââ¬â¢Hare 2000). Active living, together with a healthy diet, has the potential to reverse current international trends towards sedentary lifestyles and the accompanying health risks associated with obesity. Australia has been rated by different agencies as one of the worldââ¬â¢s top four countries for obesity. Given that much of the worldââ¬â¢s urban population growth is occurring in the tropical and subtropical zones, it is important to examine urban walkability principles with particular attention to conditions in those non-temperate climatic zones. A Perth study found commuters using public transport accumulated seven times more exercise than private motorists The prevalence of obesity in Australia has more than doubled in the last 20 years: 52% of women, 67% of men, and 25% of children are overweight or obese. Urban walkability principles in TODs: Jacobs (1960) spelled out almost half a century ago that urban design qualities relating to the quality of pedestrian experience are essential to support walkability. ââ¬Å"Active frontagesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"eyes on the streetâ⬠were recognised as few of the many crucial aspects. Based on the best practices from around the world, 8 principles vital to creating walkable TODââ¬â¢s are identified in this paper. WALK Developing attractive pedestrian environment ensures accessibility and mobility for all. PLACE-MAKING Creating a sense of place makes encourages pedestrian activity and liveability. CONNECT Creating dense networks of transit routes results in a high degree of connectivity. TRANSIT Locate land uses so that they are transit supportive and close to high quality transport. MIX Planning for mixed use will promote pedestrian interest, safety, 24 hour activity. DENSIFY Sufficient density and compact form make transit viable and improve walkability. COMPACT Planning for compact areas with short commutes improves efficiency. SHIFT Controlling the amount/location of parking increases mobility. It is however important to understand that although listed individually, for a development to become truly transit oriented, we must be able to blur the boundary between these principles so that they are all interrelated Urban design theory and practice guidelines for walkable places were mostly developed in cities located in the temperate climatic zone. In the subtropics, summer is the season of discomfort for walkers, whereas in temperate cities it is the winter that brings discomfort to urban pedestrians. The coastal subtropical city lacks the icy winds, snow, sleet, frost, and other winter discomforts of the temperate city. The pleasant winter pedestrian conditions of the subtropical city are offset, however, by the summer challenges of heat, humidity and glare. The next section of this paper explores the need for an ââ¬Ëintemperateââ¬â¢ approach to achieving urban walkability in the subtropical city Urban walkability in subtropical TODs Framework It is important to understand that in the fast growing subtropical urban regions of the world, climate and local topography are influential elements associated with walkability. Moving at a slower pace, pedestrians are prone to observe many more perceptible details and are exposed to the surrounding elements and climatic factors. Protection from sun, rain, humidity or heat must therefore be taken into account when planning a pedestrian environment. Drawing on research and keeping in mind the factors associated with subtropical urban regions, a framework of urban design principles is developed as strategies that would best enhance pedestrian movement or waiting in subtropical TODââ¬â¢s. The key factors to making walking appealing are grouped in three major categories: SAFETY, ACTVITY AND COMFORT. Figure 1 ââ¬â Framework Venn diagram, 2014. Figure 2 ââ¬â A balanced street has ample sidewalks, comfortable bike facilities that connect to a network, and safe ways to cross streets, making active transportation possible even on larger roads. Image by EMBARQ. Stimulating walking necessitates that these travellers can move around efficiency, comfortably, and most importantly, safely. Physical design strategies that could be implemented in the ââ¬ËSafety, Activity, Comfortââ¬â¢ framework are discussed below : Safety: Ensuring wider sidewalk can provide for easy pedestrian movement and at the same time promote commercial activity/interaction Removing physical or perceived barriers to ensure that the pedestrian has flat and obstruction free band of sidewalk ââ¬â ââ¬Å"pedestrian zoneâ⬠Providing pedestrian oriented quality lighting that illuminated their paths will add to the walkerââ¬â¢s sense of safety Responsive walk signs at crossing lights designed with better timing and automatic changing to prioritise the needs of pedestrians, raised intersections, mini roundabouts or speed humps will encourage safe movement. Activity: Well-connected streets ensure that residents can conveniently access all parts of the TOD, thus activating the street use. Developing mixed-use street active frontages promote safety, security and foster vibrant social life in the streets. Attractive spaces with building orientation to the public street, visual interests, building articulation and landscaping encourage pedestrians to gather and linger Way finding aids/proper signage must be implemented to help people orient themselves and encourage movement through open public areas. Transit stations should be activated by cafà ©/newspapers stands or other facilities to make transport waiting wothwhile Comfort: The use of shelters in pedestrian and transit areas/stops allows for discomfort reduction and provides rest for pedestrians. Provision of footpath awnings, arcades, and other weather protection at least at certain intervals will serve as shelter from sun or showers. Providing a high degree of street amenities (benches, garbage cans, drinking fountains) and resting places will heighten the image of the street and attract all demographics to comfortably linger. As well as providing a solution to the heat humidity, street trees shade and protect pedestrians from the rain. Walkers can also be protected from cars when greenery is carefully designed along curbs. Sidewalk with a width proportional to the scale of the TOD area and planned walkability level ensures comfortable walking experiences for everyone. Case studies Subiaco City and Claremont Town centre, selected as case studies for this paper are recent both transit oriented areas developed in Perth region with a railway line passing through. The study area boundaries for each include the area within an 800-metre radius surrounding the train station. Subiaco city -Subiaco, known as Subi is a historic inner western suburb located around 3kms from Perth CBD and is focussed around a lively retail strip of Rockeby road. The Subi Centro project encompassing the North and West of the Subiaco railway station began in 1994 and incorporated many new dwellings, business centres and commercial space. An important aspect was the undergrounding of the railway line which in the past divided Subiaco. As an exemplar of urban regeneration supporting its heritage context, the project achieves a high quality public realm. Claremont Town Claremont Town centre, another western suburb finds itself midway of Perth CBD and Fremantle port on the north bank of Swan River. Claremont Town centre is a significant shopping area concentrated around St Quentinââ¬â¢s Avenue/Bay View Terrace and located south of the Claremont train station. The Claremont North East Precinct project is an on-going project started in 2005 as an initiative to revitalise the Northern part of the town which is currently disconnected from the southern part. It aspires a vibrant mixed used development around the Claremont football oval as a step towards social, economic and environmental sustainability. The purpose of this report, being to assess and enhance the quality of pedestrian environment, 3 methods is used to gather information: Ped-shed analysis is conducted at a 400m radius (5 min walk) and an 800m radius (10 min- walk) SAFETY-ACTIVITY- COMFORT assessment sheet is used to rate physical micro ââ¬â attributes of the built environment on the streets. Observational analysis of the site ââ¬â pictures/personal experience DATA ANALYSIS The information collected from these were used to assess to what degree the factors discussed in the framework and considered influential to walkability are either present or lacking in these two study areas. Pedshed ratio Analysis of the connectivity of both TODs was assessed through the ped-shed ratios calculated. A comparison of the two diagrams that Subiacoââ¬â¢s street grid network provides many paths and connected streets, encouraging them to walk and be within short walking distance of the train station. Claremont on the other hand, lacks this degree of pedestrian connectivity and offers limited route choice to the person walking. After analysing the connectivity of each site, visuals were gathered from field observations to compare one to another. The Safety-Activity-Comfort assessment sheet was then used to examine and rate each category. Key findings As seen from the rating, Subiaco city stands out terms of providing certain positive physical street elements that affect walkability. Observation from field analysis showed that street frontages on streets adjacent to the train station were quite lively and highly articulated. Seating areas, lighting, greeneries and shaded spots contributed to attracting pedestrian activity in the area. It was gathered from observations and research that Subiacoââ¬â¢s success as a pedestrian friendly locality was also due to the fact that the City of Subiaco Councillors had established a vision statement of ââ¬Å"The Best Main Street Village in Australiaâ⬠for the area. Rockeby street, in this regard, was developed as a place to come back to instead of just being a transit street and development trends, opportunities and changes were carefully thought of so as the areaââ¬â¢s unique ââ¬Ësense of placeââ¬â¢ was preserved. Famously advocated by Toderian(2014) as ââ¬Å"streets that are for people to enjoy and linger, not just move through..places that are both initially attractive and ââ¬Ëstickyââ¬â¢, inviting people to love it and not want to leave itâ⬠, positive ideas of sticky street concept seems to have been successfully adopted in designing Subiacoââ¬â¢s main street. With the objective of planning not just for the infrastructure and public transpor t, but also the shops, cafes and the people, Rockeby Street has flourished as iconic community hub of social, civic and commercial activity with public spaces as focal points. On the downside however, field observations also indicated a number of vacant shops or those in the process of closing down in Rockeby road retail strip. High rental rates, competition from nearby precinct and over restrictive licensing policies has caused a decline in cafà ©/retail strips and a 5% retail vacancy rate in the area (Tsagalis2012). It was also found that an alfresco dining licence in Subiaco was more expensive than Western Australiaââ¬â¢s average and compared to a survey of local governments in Perth and the eastern states (Law, 2014).Mayor Henderson (2014) has approached this issue stating that ââ¬Å"We are aware that council needs to step up to the plate and make some changes in order to create the vibrancy in the main street in Subiacoâ⬠. In an effort to encourage more local businesses to operate street trading/ alfresco dining areas to revitalise a spirited street and safe environment for the community, the council of the City of Subiaco has recently resol ved to amend existing associated fees. As of 31st October 2014, a notable reduction in application/licensing fees, a m2 basis fee and the initiation of low-cost short term options will be available for Subiaco retailers and it an increase in street activity is expected. While Claremont Town centre forms part of a prominent retail area, it comes primarily in the form of indoor malls which attract the pedestrians inside rather than being on the road. The main transit adjacent road, Grugeri Street, has a blank wall faà §ade with limited or no pedestrian activity. The street is also very limited in term of comfort since the awnings size is too small to provide shade or shelter. Bus tops and street amenities also lack variety and enhancement to attract people to linger. Recommendations Apparent from the observational audit and findings is that Claremont Town centre has many physical weaknesses in terms of walkability in a subtropical TOD. Because similar weaknesses may exist other western Australian TODââ¬â¢s, some recommendations may apply for multiple sites and can be used as a guide for enhanced walking experiences. It was revealed from the site observations and findings of these 2 TODââ¬â¢s in Perth that there is some way to go before Western Australia can claim to have a truly sustainable approach. Having established that urban walkability is vital to achieve a sustainable subtropical TOD, it is important for TOD planners to be able to adopt a revised framework of principles regarding the physical environment attributes that would work best for subtropical Perth regions and merge them with new innovative design strategies which would further enhance walking in Perth. It is also important for town/city planners to review rules and regulations in order to increase vibrancy in TODââ¬â¢s rather than being over restrictive. Conclusion Having established that a successful TOD walkability is directly associated with a safe, comfortable and attractive pedestrian environment, this paper demonstrates that careful physical planning and good urban design solutions can very much enhance the pedestrianââ¬â¢s experience. It questions the needs of a subtropical city in term of its climate, topography and identity and then explores a framework of revised walkability principles that can be applied to the subtropical city. The case studies reveal responses and challenges to urban design for walkability in Perth and certain successful elements are recommended as strategies to improve Claremontââ¬â¢s TOD in terms of walking experience. It also questions whether over restrictive planning policies may need to be reconsidered to keep a TOD street alive and vibrant. It also recommends innovative strategies of urban design that other projects may copy or adapt in part for design and place-making approaches to give a unique sense of place to the subtropical TOD. Although each future TOD will deal with the numerous complex design challenges depending on particular circumstances around each project, it is the intention of this paper to stimulate discussion and hopefully more substantial research into the planning of walkable subtropical cities since so many of the worldââ¬â¢s most rapidly growing urban areas are now situated in the tropical and subtropical zones.
Sunday, January 19, 2020
American Centennial Exposition
The Centennial Exposition of 1876 was Americaââ¬â¢s first official worldââ¬â¢s fair. This fair was held in Philadelphia for celebrating 100th anniversary of the ââ¬Å"Declaration of Independenceâ⬠. This fair was really important in the history of America as it portray an image of progressive American society, culture and economy on an international platform. This Centennial Exposition was not only celebrated Americaââ¬â¢s hundred years of independence, but it was also held to showcase the recovery of the country form its reconstruction phase after its independence and the emergence of the nation as an internationally significant industrial super power.This paper will make an attempt to analyze how the Centennial Exposition of 1876 represented the identity of America and how this exposition provided a narrative of American history. The main focus will be on the nature of the exposition which is known better known as a platform where Americaââ¬â¢s image transformation was made. Thus the thesis statement of this paper can be as follows: The Centennial Exposition of 1876 gave the country a new progressive image in socio-cultural and economic field of America.This thesis statement will be illustrated throughout this paper using several primary sources relating to the American Centennial Exposition of 1876. The focus will be on how the exposition portrayed Americaââ¬â¢s emergence as a big economic power in world, and how it depicted socio-cultural progress of the nation in terms freed slaves and increasing women contribution in the society. Apart from these, this paper will also discuss how the exposition highlighted the future of America. American Centennial Exposition:The American Centennial Exposition was actually an official exhibition of Manufactures, products of mine and soil, and arts on an international platform. A large section of American population attended the fair. Approximately twenty percent of the population at that time visited t he fair. While in one hand, the fair is memorable for the publication of various Centennial and other poems and music, on the hand, this exposition was designed to showcase Americaââ¬â¢s innovative progress in the industrial arena. The planning for this exposition had taken as many as ten tears to give it its final shape.The primary sources relating to the American Centennial Exposition including guide to the Centennial, its images, its roadmap, and various articles like ââ¬Å"illustrated History of the Centennial exhibition, held in commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of American independenceâ⬠by McCabe portray the features of the exposition and how the exposition had captured the American history and created a new image of the nation to the world. From the photos, Centennial souvenir, and guide to the exposition, it is found that the focal point of the exposition was to showcase its industrial progress.The main attraction of the fair was its Machinery Hall whi ch was decorated with excellent engineering wonders of that age. It showcased electric lights, strongly powered elevators, printing presses, locomotives, mining equipments, magic lanterns, along with introducing some completely new engineering products to the public like mechanical calculator, typewriters, the telephone which was invented by bell, and the telegraph invented by Edison. All these engineering products show the bright industrialized future of the country. Apart from the Machinery building, there were also a number of other attractions in the exposition.For example, significant number of visitors used to visit the Main Building of the fair which was devoted to manufactures of different nations including America. Apart from this, there were also the Memorial which showcased fine arts and the Horticulture Hall which was actually a conservatory for displaying of various native and exotic plants. One of the most excellent things about this first international fair of America was that it presented everything in a very systematic way in the sense that every item was classified in the exposition by departments, like Manufactures, Horticulture, Agriculture, Mining, Education and science and so on.Not only that, there were also various sub-classifications, and sub-sub-classifications on the basis of a logical scheme. The Centennial Exposition produced significant impact on the image of the United States. Prior to 1876, the US was generally considered as a not-so-developed country which was not yet entitled for joining the category of first-class nations. The people living in America in the post Civil War period had gone through a very difficult phase as all those years were marked by various heinous political scandals along with inferior leadership. Although progress in the field of agriculture, industry, etc.had been taking place remarkably on the land of America, it had never been highlighted to the rest of the world. It was the Centennial Exposition whic h for the first time gave an opportunity for the visitors as well as businessmen from other nations to have a close look and get astonished at the sparkling industrial productivity of the America along with its creativity and progressiveness in the field of industry and agriculture. It was only after this fair, when America was started to be hailed as the land of progress which was also thought of becoming one of the most significant economic superpower in future.The exposition gave the people living in America at that time pride in their present situation and lots of confidence on their even brighter future. (University of Delware library, 2009). The American utilized the platform of the Centennial to highlight their innovations in industrial and agricultural areas as at that time they were on the verge of beginning its global economic presence amidst the then economically powerful nations. Representatives of other countries, who came to the fair to showcase their own thing, also g ot the opportunity to purchase things from American firms.The engineering marvels created by Native Americans impressed the visitors. Americans showcased huge engines and machines having complex system that would become the economic future of America by producing industrial products. Primary sources like the photos and Guide to the Exposition show that American did not participate in the fair only to represent America as a whole; instead in a number of cases they represented various states of America. For example, there was Delaware Building in the fair which represented this various crafts of this state.Delaware put its focus on its potentials for developing with a strong economy. It emphasized towns, its transportation facilities along with educational facilities. (University of Delware library, 2009). As far as the socio-cultural field is concerned, this fair also showcased its culture to the rest of the world by introducing around 53 native tribes. They were brought to the fair and they made their camp within it and became one of the most popular display of the fair. The motive behind showcasing them was to introduce the original inhabitant of the nation and their mode of life.These tribal people were considered to be the most deprived and backward segment of the population. But without their progress, the overall economic progress could not have been achieved. The purpose of putting special focus on them was to send message to the rest of the world that the American government was quite aware of the progress of these native people without exercising any bias towards a particular advanced group of people only. (ââ¬Å"People & Events: The Centennial Exposition of 1876â⬠) Finally, the exposition also represented the contribution of women to the American society for the first time in the history of America.Various primary sources like the articles, such as ââ¬Å"illustrated History of the Centennial exhibition, held in commemoration of the one hundredt h anniversary of American independenceâ⬠by McCabe, ââ¬Å" Declaration and Protect of the Women of the United statesâ⬠by National Woman Suffrage Association , etc showed that at the time of planning of the fair a committee for women protested the male dominated nature of the fair and lobbied for creating a womenââ¬â¢s building in the fair. This committee also raised fund and gained support for constructing their own building.They also showcased womenââ¬â¢s contribution in the areas of arts, science, humanities and so on. The members of National women Suffrage also made an attempt to read a declaration or their rights. But they were not permitted to do so for which they showcased huge protest. Conclusion: The American Centennial Exposition can therefore be characterized as a platform where Americans tried to change their image to the rest of the world. In practice, the Americans were able to properly utilize the big platform of the fair to create their new identity as a progressive economic power which had a bight future.The wonderful narratives of its historical development through exhibiting its progress in industrial, agricultural, and socio-economic sector attracted huge number of visitors across the world and changed their vision regarding the nation. Reference: 1. UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE LIBRARY. (2009). PROGRESS MADE VISIBLE: THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1876. Available at http://www. lib. udel. edu/ud/spec/exhibits/fairs/cent. htm ( accessed on 26th August, 2010). 2. People & Events: The Centennial Exposition of 1876. Available at http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/grant/peopleevents/e_expo. html ( accessed on 26th August, 2010). :
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